International Business Management Country Profiling Free Essay Example, 4250 words

The aforementioned secondary sources would eventually provide a superior understanding of the current macro environment prevailing in Brazil supporting Endless Wave to expand its business in this particular region of South America. In relation to the report concerning analyzing the macro environment of Brazil, one of the limitations of this report could be the unavailability of updated information that is acquired from the aforesaid sources based on secondary data. Furthermore, the other limitation of the report could be the unintentional misunderstanding of empirical analysis in terms of determining the socio-economic conditions prevailing in Brazil. This misconduct might become quite problematic in recognizing the key values, traditions and the way of business that is performed in Brazil by a considerable level. Relating to financial factors, the different economic policies of Brazil have been viewed to be enhancing the effectiveness of the financial business markets, raising the standards of infrastructure provisions and mounting the education quality at both secondary along with primary levels. Furthermore, the other imperative policies introduced by Brazilian government are fostering the accretion of human capital and discarding disincentives towards the participation of labor force especially in different social programs (OECD, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Management: Country Profiling or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Especially mentioning, lessening distortions particularly in the entire tax system or tax cuts is also regarded as one of the decisive financial policies of the Brazilian government In the year 2012, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Brazil stood at US$ 2,233 trillion supporting the country to become the seventh richest economy throughout the globe. It has been apparently observed that the country remained focused on developing its various important aspects that include transport infrastructures, financial systems and urban along with social advancements among others.

Essay on Elizabeth Gaskells Mary Barton - 1295 Words

Elizabeth Gaskells Mary Barton Although the people of a single nation share the same homeland, contradictory these people live in separate worlds. In the lives of the privileged and the unfortunate they are separated between their positions in the social ladder, which is defined by their financial stability. In Elizabeth Gaskells, Mary Barton the different worlds of the wealthy is contrasted to those of the poor. Gaskells attention to detail emphasizes the division among the two social classes, demonstrating the lavish and luxurious lives of the upper class as it is contrasted to those of the impoverish and disheartening lives of the lower class, while also developing characterization, illustrating the characters reactions to the†¦show more content†¦With Gaskells descriptive details, the wealth of the Carson family is made concrete: Mr. Carsons house was a good house, and furnished with disregard to expense. But in addition to lavish expenditure, there was much taste sh own, and many articles chosen for their beauty and elegance. Adorned his rooms (10-14). The Carsons are seen as having expensive and tasteful choices in the furniture that adorn their house, expensive and tasteful choices, which they can obviously afford. Not only can they afford the posh house, but also multiple servants at their beck and call. The Carsons are rich enough to pay someone else to do the work around the house and ultimately take care of them, such as making breakfast. The servants [were] very busy with preparations for breakfast (18-19). The Carsons wealthy is, again, seen through the fully stocked kitchen that the servants are working in, a kitchen hung round with glittering tins, where roaring fire burnt merrily, and where numbers of utensils hung round (22-24). The servants are also in an environment where there are mouth-watering broiled steaks, [Â…] toasted bread, and boiled eggs (28-29). The Carsons are wealthy enough to have such a fulfilling meal, an d it is only just for breakfast; there is still lunch and dinner and perhaps, snacks in between. As a representation of the lower class, Wilson and the servants would be luckyShow MoreRelatedElizabeth Gaskells Mary Barton and the Industrial Novel928 Words   |  4 PagesElizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton and the Industrial Novel Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton belongs to a small, short-lived form of Victorian literature called the industrial novel. The primary authors of this genre—Charles Kingsley, Frances Trollope, Charlotte Brontà «, Benjamin Disraeli, Charles Dickens, and Elizabeth Gaskell—all were, what Herbert Sussman describes, as primarily middle-class authors writing for middle class readers in a rapidly changing world, where both author and readerRead MoreElizabeth Gaskell : Effect Of Urbanization And Industrialization Within Urban And Rural Areas1521 Words   |  7 PagesMary Barton by Elizabeth Gaskell serves as a portrait detailing industrial life during the Victorian period. The Victorian period was the highest point for industrialization in England. With the increase of industry and growth of urban areas there was social and political unrest within these areas primarily, in working class people who had suffered through great mistreatment and unfair distribution of power. Mary Barton is a story that embodies the political philosophy of its author, Elizabeth Gaskell:Read MoreSocial Issues And Equality : Elizabeth Gaskell Essay939 Words   |  4 Pageshave made a lot of progress since the 1800s, and are still working hard towards equality today. Elizabeth Gaskell was an English novelist and short story writer from the 1800s. Gaskell became depressed when her only son, William, died at the age of one. Her husband told her to write as a way to relieve her grief. As a result of this, the novel â€Å"Mary Barton† was produced. Through her writing, Elizabeth Gaskell gave the women of that time period a voice. Gaskell uses the form of the typical VictorianRead MoreElizabeth Gaskell s Construction Of The Ideal Man2331 Words   |  10 Pagescharacteristics, Elizabeth Gaskell’s construction of the ideal man incorporates a fusion of gender traits as strengths of masculinity, notably her emphasis on â€Å"manly nurturance† and †Å"tenderness† as seen in her novel Mary Barton(wcm334). While the evolving social structure of 19th century Britain was a cause for the increasing emphasis on manliness, it was also the source of challenges faced by working class men as they struggled to achieve and maintain this new sense of masculinity. By analyzing Gaskell’s MaryRead MoreElizabeth Gaskell s The Industrial Revolution Affected Everyone And Everything1655 Words   |  7 Pagesprostitution. Elizabeth Gaskell comments on these expectations in her novel Mary Barton, especially through the actions of the titular character, during the Industrial Revolution. While the Mary Barton can often be read in the context of the economic changes in society, it also provides significant commentary regarding the gendered aspects of life. To put it simply, the Industrial Revolution affected everyone and everything; Elizabeth Gaskell illustrates these changes in Mary Barton. The novel isRead MoreSynopsis of Elizabeth Gaskells Ruth Essay515 Words   |  3 PagesSynopsis of Elizabeth Gaskells Ruth This is a classic book that focuses on domesticity in the 18th century. It highlights the basically mundane life that faced women (particularly spinsters) of this era. If you want exitement and adventure this is not the book for you. If, however you are interested in theRead MoreAnalysis Of And Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1682 Words   |  7 Pagesrelation to other texts;† (â€Å"intertext† def. 1), meaning that intertext is when a text is better understood by having knowledge of the text that it alludes to. In Mary Barton, Elizabeth Gaskell uses intertextuality to further demonstrate key concepts present in the text by alluding to works of other famous authors, well known biblical passages, and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. By doing this, she effectively shows how the relationship between the working class and the middle to upper class must be compassionateRead MoreMary Barton by Elizabeth Gaskell1348 Words   |  6 Pages Through attention to detail, repeated comparison, shifting tone, and dialogue that gives the characters an opportunity to voice their feelings, Elizabeth Gaskell creates a divide between the poor working class and the rich higher class in Mary Barton. Gaskell places emphasis on the differences that separate both classes by describing the lavish, comfortable, and extravagant life that the wealthy enjoy and compares it to the impoverished and miserable life that the poor have to survive through. Read MoreEssay on Elizabeth Gaskells Wives and Daughters1745 Words   |  7 PagesElizabeth Gaskell was the most established female figure in Victorian British Literature. By the time she blossomed into a literary career, she was thirty-eight years old. Most of her novels centered on the plight of the working people in England struggling to survive and dealing with the social stigma of class and wealth. Even though she received harsh criticism from critics for having sympathy for the poor, it didn’t deter her from a successful writing career, nor deny her talent as a writer. Read More Hopelessness of the Irish in Nineteenth Century England Essay3635 Words   |  15 Pagesgreater. Living in a country whose people viewed you as such, it is not difficult to understand why many Iri sh were willing to accept whatever was offered them. Elizabeth Gaskells Mary Barton, written in 1848, details life in Manchester and reads as a social commentary on the rift between the working class and its employers. Gaskells account is interesting for purposes of this report due to the almost invisibility of the Irish. In the Census of 1841 it was estimated that there were 34,300 Irish

Economy and Society in Europe During 1848 Essay - 1393 Words

Economy and Society in Europe During 1848 The revolutionary year of 1848 was an extraordinary period in which popular disturbances brought down the government of many countries. The revolts were very widespread, seriously affecting about fifty countries in Europe.1 It ranged from an enormous area, ranging from the Atlantic to the Ukraine, from the Baltic to the Mediterranean. Factors that contributed to these revolts included: the potato crop had been destroyed, food riots broke out, and financial crises sprung about due to the high rate of unemployment.2 The development of major cities, such as Prague, Berlin, Liepzig, etc. contributed to the creation of the revolution. Also, anger arose over political issues because the middle†¦show more content†¦These demands caused difficulty in the area of economics, where conflicts strike forms of disorder. This caused division within the government, enormous economic uncertainty, increased unemployment, and a rise in crime rates. The demands of the working class led to a blo ody suppression, with thousands being killed. The failure of the new regime to gain control of their own armies also occurred. The survival rate in Europe was very low, yet the revolutionaries kept protesting to get exactly what they wanted.4 During this time, the Industrial Revolution was also taking place, yet it was in the midst of being over. Technology and production advances were taking place, no longer were hand tools common, and machines driven by waterpower and factories were now common in Europe. Coal mining was one key industry, in that it was a new source of fuel and was used in creating machines. Due to the flooding problem in coalmines, Thomas Newcomen invented the steam-driven pump. The middle nineteenth century brought about railroads, steamship lines, and telegraph networks. This led to many other inventions by other men, such as James Watt, Abraham Darby, and Henry Cort. All of these inventions led to the core of the Industrial Revolution. However, by 1848, these first-industrial revolution inventions soon were replaced. The second industrial revolutionShow MoreRelatedThe European Revolution Of 18481543 Words   |  7 PagesThe European Revolution of 1848 was one of the biggest moments in European histo ry. There were many aspects that led to the 1848 revolution. The revolution impacted many people in Europe and even other countries. Many great men were involved in this big part of European history. There are many different topics to discuss such as why was the revolution started, who was involved, and how it affected the European people, government, and even other countries. There were numerous reasons for the EuropeanRead MoreThe Age Of Revolution And The European Revolution1152 Words   |  5 Pagesthe European politics and the European Society that started in 1789 and ended in 1848. During this era, radical citizens and reforming governments in Europe changed the existing laws and the ruling structure in a way that created the forms of the existing modern Europe states. The age was very revolutionary as it gave the introduction to new systems within Europe. The era was both an age of destruction as well as a catalyst for growth. Also, the impacts during this age changed the world socially, politicallyRead MoreEurope Witnessed Revolutions Essay786 Words   |  4 Pages Through out the course of the 19th century, Europe witnessed revolutions, radical political changes, and industrial advancements, which had an impact on shaping the art and culture of this time. By examining literature, art, and cultural changes of the 19th century, historians can pro vide a different perspective of the events that took place. At the start of the 19th century, Napoleon was defeated along with his militaristic agenda, and Europe now entered many new phases of social reform. IndustrializationRead More Karl Marx Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagestheories and studies are useful to this contribution to sociology. Sociology began in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Western Europe. Around this time, the political and economic systems in Europe were changing. Things like the Monarchy, (which was the rule of Kings and Queens) was disappearing, while capitalism was growing rapidly. Different societies began contacting eachother, and the economic markets began developing. Things were most definitely changing, and there was now room forRead MoreCommunism: A Social Economic System1801 Words   |  7 PagesCommunism: A Social Economic System in which all property and resources are collectively owned by a society not by individual citizens. It is a system of Government in which state controls the economy or the elected party is responsible for the progress of people and economy, and all goods are equally shared and distributed among all the people by the state or the elected Party who holds Power. The Theory of Communism is to create Government under which all the natives are equal. Government takesRead MoreThe California Gold Rush Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pages 5/1/13 The California Gold Rush Before the Gold Rush of 1849, California was a sparsely populated, unimportant territory of the United States mostly inhabited by the people of Mexico. However, that all changed when on January 24, 1848; carpenter and small time sawmill operator James W. Marshall discovered a gold nugget in the American River that would forever change the history of California and America1. Not only did the Gold Rush lead to California’s admittance into the UnionRead MoreComparing Marx And Engels s The Manifesto Of The Communist Party Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesTITLE â€Å"A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of communism†, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels state in the Manifesto of the Communist Party, first published in 1848. (Marx and Engels 15). The word communism has been used when describing several socialist revolutions in history, and in Karl Marx’s writing. Yet, almost none of these uprisings have led to an improved, civilized society. These has been In modern society, Marx and Engels believe there are only two classes, hostile to each other - theRead MoreThe Great Philosophies From The 19th Century1386 Words   |  6 Pagessocialist and sociologist. Marx’s different varieties of work influenced his understanding of society and and the economy during his time period. Once Marx got older, he moved to London England where he progressed his ideas and even collaborate with Friedrich Engels with whom he published numerous works. Marx’s most well known piece of work is The Communist Manifesto, which discusses his theories about society, economics and politics , together known as Marxism. Through this pamphlet, it highlightsRead MoreThe Social and Political Influences Leading up to the First World War1035 Words   |  5 Pagesthe populace of Europe and the first half of the Nineteenth Century with idealistic, yet unreal sentiment. Contradicting any romantic or idealistic belief were the uniform followers of rationali sm and conservatism, descendents of Puritanism that arose in the Church of England during the early 17th Century. The German writer E. T. A. Hoffmann quoted in retrospect infinite longing was the essence of romanticism, if this definition is accepted, it may be said that it created in Europe, an illicit huntRead MoreIndustrialization Of The Second Industrial Revolution1390 Words   |  6 PagesIndustrial Revolution, which reached its peak during 1870 to 1914, marked a significant turning point in American history. Before this era of progression and industrial excellence, America was on the verge of expansion like never before. From the vast amounts of land gained through the Annexation of Texas in 1845, the British retreating from Oregon in 1846, and the Mexican cession of Southwest territory guaranteed by the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo of 1848, (Engelman) America was able to expand their

A Comparison of the Representation of the Future of The...

A Comparison of the Representation of the Future of The Matrix and Planet of the Apes Sci-fi films were born in the aftermath of the industrial and scientific revolutions of the 19th century. The first motion picture from this genre was ‘Le Voyage Dans La Lune’, a Georges Meties production from 1902. This is regarded as the first sci-fi film; the one that set the standard for the genre and to what most of the future sci-fi movies would aspire to in someway. Le Voyage includes astronauts, spaceships, space travel, extraterrestrials, all these common†¦show more content†¦In The Matrix, we see the direct reality of this. The world as we know it is being controlled by a higher power, of which we are ignorant. In this case, the higher power is science and technology that has conquered and almost obliterated mankind a s a result of mankind abusing its powers. Man grew too big for its boots. In comparison, POTA shows the results and aftermath of this, it’s what the real world in The Matrix (the real world that is within the story of The Matrix) would be 3000 years into the future if you like. Mankind has destroyed itself, all the scientific and technological development has caused civilisation to go backwards, possibly as a result of it falling into the wrong hands. To show the common ethos of The Matrix and POTA, the two films should be compared to another couple of films from within the genre, to clearly show their similarity and affinity to the genre. ‘Things To Come’ (William Cameron Menzies, 1936) was the first million pound British film, based on a HG Wells novel, and a milestone in the sci-fi genre. The film is set 10 years into the future, 1946, and a thirty year war begins which leaves the world half dead from disease and shell shock. In its place a ‘new order’ rises, governed by one technocratic regime. There are obvious connections to both films, most notably to POTA. We don’t know what caused the

“Why a College Education Is Important to Me” Free Essays

Ashworth College – Lesson 1 Writing Assignment – EN110 Achieving Academic Excellence â€Å"Why a college education is important to me† Albert Einstein is quoted for saying; â€Å"The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Why a College Education Is Important to Me† or any similar topic only for you Order Now One cannot help but be in awe when he contemplates the mysteries of eternity, of life, of the marvelous structure of reality. It is enough if one tries merely to comprehend a little of this mystery every day. Never lose a holy curiosity. So, here I am†¦ A forty-three year old â€Å"life educated† woman who was recently unemployed from my beloved field of Horticulture, in the winter and during the Holidays. Great! Just great! It is not something I have ever experienced before, unemployed during the holiday season and I don’t like it one bit. The realization has swiftly set in that my choice to work right out of High School instead of pursuing a college education had just found its way of biting me in the back side. What I am now realizing is that by getting a college education, it will help to open so many more doors and give me opportunities to not only better educate myself and provide me with a more financially successful life, but fill a void that I missed out on over Twenty-five years ago by not going to college right out of High School. In today’s society it is hard to get a good paying job or a financially fulfilling career without first getting a college education. By achieving a college degree I will have greatly improved my chances of acquiring a great paying job in Human Resources, and I will also be better able to contribute to a much better life for my future husband and I. A College Education will give me a deeper sense of confidence and help me to improve myself as a professional in a higher wage earning bracket. This is very important as I need to be a role model for my only son; to be someone he can always look up to, and hopefully inspire him to make the right choices for his education. In a nutshell, my college education is the key to a much brighter financial future and more satisfying career. When I was just out of High School, a College Education was NOT the most important item on my list. I needed a JOB. I had to get out there and work hard to get what I wanted. Honesty, I really had no interest in MORE education as the first Twelve years was quite unpleasant, to say the least. Plus, my parents couldn’t afford to send me to college, anyway. I grew up with all I needed but nothing more. We were not a rich family. It seemed my folks were always struggling financially, so asking them to put me through school with a price tag; well that option was completely out of the question. I would find my education gained from world experience and that was just going to have to be good enough for now†¦ Boy was I naive! What I have learned, I have learned the hard way. My field of choice, to this point in life has been Horticulture. I’ve had my hands in the dirt and playing with plants since I was a small child, besides I am really good at it. Problem is, the older I get, the tougher the job is on my body and living in the Midwest, the bitter cold winter is NOT a Horticulturists friend. I have also learned that the only way out of the dirt and behind a desk is if I made my way back to school to better educate myself and finally get a degree. Allowing myself a college education will teach me so many need new skills for success in a new career setting. College is nothing like high school; I don’t have my folks hollering at me to do my homework or teachers telling me to be sure to study for Friday’s exam. I have only myself to rely on and I don’t maintain the self-discipline needed to get my work done I will lose the chance to pass my classes and graduate. I am truly excited about taking these college classes as I believe it will push me to challenge myself and it will expand my process of thinking and learning to ways I have not experienced before. Job security is a must in this economy. The only way to get that security is to get a college degree. Most jobs require you to have some form of college education before they will even consider you. The more education you have the better chances you have of finding and keeping a good quality job. The higher your education the more selections you will have. The education I receive from Ashworth College will prepare me for a successful career in Human Resources and catapult me into a field that is in high demand and offers terrific financial security and benefits. Making more money isn’t the only reason I have selected to push myself into getting a college education though. With an education come better job opportunities and with that, come better benefits. Benefits such as vacation packages, great health, vision and dental care packages and a great retirement plan. These are things that as a Horticulturist, were not easy to come by in former employment experiences and something that a less educated individual in a lower skilled jobs may not always offer. A college education will help me in so many more ways than my misguided self would have ever thought. I am a recently unemployed, divorced mother of an 18 year old son. Going back to school after you have already lived an entire life in under forty-four years will give you more to strive for. You’re no longer just bettering yourself and your life but you are also reinventing yourself and creating a person that your family can look up to and be very proud of. It is important to me to show my family and my son that no matter what, anyone can change their lives for the better. Being successful in whatever I try is my inspiration for success and just knowing that I will be achieving a more stable life with a better financial future just fuels my drive. I want my family and my son to be just as proud of all I have accomplished as I am. I also want my son to know that there is no limit to education and that he should value it as much as I have learned to. In closing, I guess I have given a few reasons as to why a college education is so important to me. It will give you the valuable skills you will need to survive in our cut throat society, and all the while helping you to become a well-adjusted contributing member of the working class. No longer will I ever have to worry about whether I will be able to keep my job or if I will have to be on unemployment during the holidays. I know I will be able to contribute to a better life with my future husband and I will be the kind of mother my 18 year old son can be proud of. For all of these reasons, this is why my college education is important to ME. Bibliography Google Search – Famous Quotes about Education Quotation #9316 from Classic Quotes of Albert Einstein – US (German-born) physicist (1879 – 1955) Retrieved November 28th, 2012 from The Quotations Page – http://www. quotationspage. com/quote/9316. html Guide line Essay – Studymode – Inspiring Better Grades â€Å"Reason Why College Education Is Important† Reviewed November 28, 2012, from Essays Education: http://www. studymode. com/essays/Why-College-Education-Is-Important-To-1059076. html How to cite â€Å"Why a College Education Is Important to Me†, Essay examples

The Cause, Effect and Aftermath of the Great Depression free essay sample

The Great Depression in the United States brought an end to a long era of economic expansion and social progress which had been in full bloom since the 1890s (Mitchell 1947). There had been monetary recessions in 1907, 1913 and 1921, but these reversals were never severe enough or long enough to shake the deeply rooted confidence in the American economic system or to generate any widespread national discontent. Many history books tell of the depression of the 30s; they often begin with the stock market crash of October 1929 (Estey 1950).Among economists, a tendency to decry the importance of the crash as a cause of the depression: The crash was part of the froth, rather than the substance of the situation (Shannon 1960). The fundamental difficulty was Americas failure to readjust to the developments arising from World War I, which culminated in the depression of 1929. One cannot overlook the profound importance of the Wall Street crash. It shrank the supply of investment funds and at the same time shook the confidence on which investment expenditures depend (Hacker and Zahler 1952).Personal expenditures were reduced and international trade and capital flows were disrupted. There were many complicated forces that combined to cause the depression. To clearly understand the circumstances preceding the depression, these influences must be explained. In the first place, there was the familiar business cycle recession (Galbraith 1954). For industry, the 1920s had been marked by prolonged prosperity. This was particularly notable in the field of construction and other capital production. During this period, there was an unusually large expansion of credit because of easy-credit policies which resulted in increased profits (Soule 1947). As often happens following a period of prosperity, cumulative strains brought about a downturn in the economy. The production of the nation exceeded its capacity to consume. Since there were no restrictions by the Federal Reserve Board, too much credit was used for speculation on the market (Soule 1947). In the second place, the economies of many countries were still suffering from dislocations caused by World War I.Although the world had begun to resume its normal progress, the international economy remained unstable. After receiving help with its trade deficits, war debts, and reparation obligations, Western Europe became financially dependent on the United States (Hacker and Zahler 1952). During World War I, all belligerent countries went off the gold standard and experienced various degrees of inflation. The postwar years brought periods of deflation and devaluation, causing hardship to the business communities and resulting in the redistribution of national incomes (Wector 1948).Different valuations were placed on currency as the gold standard was reestablished in different countries. This created inequalities in import and export relations, compounding the problems afflicting business (Link 1955). While gold began to stockpile in some countries, it was almost completely depleted in others. At the end of the decade, France and the United States had the major share of the worlds gold. This unusual distribution caused falling prices in other countries and produced a chronic economic depression (Nevins and Commager 1956). These factors, precipitated by the war, weakened the economic stability of the world and made it difficult to restore prosperity. Another factor stimulated by increased war production was technological improvement. These improvements made necessary the shifting of resources, both capital and labor (Wright 1949). The speed of these advances outran industrys capacity for normal absorption. There was difficulty in re-employing workers displaced by new technology. Agriculture was hardest hit by technological change.Mechanization and other improvements made additional cultivation possible in all kinds of soils and climates. The depletion of agricultural staples caused by the war demanded greater annual outputs. The reduction in demand at the end of the war brought about a considerable fall in agricultural prices which proved to be both serious and long-lasting (Mitchell 1947). The continuing effects of higher agricultural yields forced prices still lower. The prolonged depression in agriculture, according to J. A.Estey, greatly weakened the general economic structure, not only in agricultural countries, but in all parts of the world: In the past, periods of depression have been brief when agriculture has been prosperous; and in the United States, good crops and high purchasing power of the farmers have always been looked for as the force pulling a country out of a slump. When agriculture becomes involved in a crisis of its own, then depressions seem likely to be of long duration and exceptional severity (Estey 1950). All these developments made the economic system less able to make the necessary readjustments to vast changes.There must be flexibility so that capital, labor and management can continually flow as needed (Soule 1947). It is necessary for resources to be constantly shifted for best use and effective continuation of production. Economic inflexibility was an important factor in increasing the intensity of the depression that was to come. The following is a summary of the circumstances that contributed to the depression: 1) the business cycle recession, 2) dislocation of world economy, 3) a downward trend in prices, 4) technological change, especially in agriculture, 5) and inflexibility in wages, prices, and production (Galbraith 1954).Since Americas prosperity was largely dependent on the smooth running of its economic machinery, the slowing down of the basic cogs had an immediate and alarming effect on all segments of the economy: the stock market, the financial and business commu nities, the railroads, agriculture, and industrial production and employment (Soule 1947). Between 1929 and 1932 more than 4,000 banks closed and over 100,000 commercial firms failed (Wector 1948). The economic decline created an even more serious crisis for railroads. From 1929 to 1933, systems totaling 45,000 miles of rails passed into receivership (Wector 1948).Timely federal assistance saved other large systems from bankruptcy. Freight shipments and car loadings declined 50 percent from 1929 to 1932 (Galbraith 1954). Hundreds of thousands of workers were discharged; work weeks were drastically reduced for those lucky enough to remain employed. The railroads virtually ceased purchasing new equipment. Already in desperate straits by 1929, American farmers lost more cash income and economic standing than any other group. Between 1929 and 1932, gross farm income shrank from $11 million to $5 million (Shannon 1960).The social impact of the depression was felt by all segments of the economy. Hundreds of thousands of formerly employed women returned home. Most middle-class families had to give up domestic servants; women planted vegetable gardens, canned and made soap (Link 1955). Some people reacted rather curiously. They practically stopped buying new automobiles but did not give up their old cars; instead, there was an increase in the sale of gasoline (Hacker and Zahler 1952). Jewelry sales declined sharply, but not radios or silk and rayon hosiery. Families had to double up in homes and apartments, resulting in increased family tensions (Hacker and Zahler 1952). There was a sharp decline in marriage and birth rates and an upswing in the number of divorces. Schools and colleges were profoundly affected. People tried desperately to maintain school facilities, equipment and salaries. School expenditures declined about 18 percent from 1930 to 1934 (Hacker and Zahler 1952). In many states, the decrease exceeded 30 percent. During the same period, capital for new school buildings declined 84 percent; many rural counties reduced school terms one-fifth to one-half. All states but Rhode Island decreased the salaries of their teachers, by as much as 43 percent in some states (Hacker and Zahler 1952). One of the most important and lasting effects was the shift of financial responsibility from private to public for the care of the needy. City and state governments formed emergency relief administrations and took the responsibility from the old philanthropic agencies (Link 1955). However, cities and states could not meet the relief emergency. The tremendous financial burden forced them to default on obligations and pay public employees in script.By the winter of 1932, the nations destitute lived in cardboard shacks on the outskirts of cities in so-called Hoovervilles; others roamed the country in search of employment, on foot or in boxcars (Link 1955). Hunger was widespread, but there was little outright starvation because of breadlines and soup kitchens provided by the cities. The malnutrition rate among patients admitted to certain community health centers in Philadelphia and New York City increased 60 percent (Link 1955). The federal government finally stepped in, but Hoovers program for relief and recovery was far from effective.Farmers, the unemployed and bankrupt businesspeople demanded bolder federal action than Hoover was willing to approve (Nevins and Commager 1956). Talk of social revolution was common in 1931 and 1932. In November 1932, the people switched from Herbert Hoover and the Republican Party to Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Democratic Party (Nevins and Commager 1956). It would require major documentation to detail the programs and measures comprising the New Deal Era. In brief, the New Deal pledged to stimulate economic recovery by promoting cooperation in agriculture and industry (Shannon 1960).The National Recovery Act (NRA) of June 16, 1933, set up rules and regulations for improved labor conditions. These included codes to set working hours and wages, abolish sweatshops and child labor. It gave labor the right to bargain with employers through their own representatives (Shannon 1960). Government assumed control of some major industries and required businesspeople to open their books to government inspectors (Shannon 1960). The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) passed May 12, 1933. This law raised farm product prices and relieved farmers of mortgage indebtedness (Shannon 1960).

The Different Steps in Childrens Drawing Essay Example For Students

The Different Steps in Childrens Drawing Essay Children when drawing and writing go through three different steps the first is scribbles; children begin to draw during their second year. At first, the intended representation is contained in gestures rather than in the resulting marks on the page. Two year olds treat realistic-looking pictures symbolically, but they have difficulty interpreting line drawings. The next step is the First Representational Form; around the age of three childrens scribbles start to become pictures. Often times the child makes a gesture With the crayon and they notice that hey have drawn a recognizable shape, and they label it. Many parents and teachers spend much time promoting NON to three year Olds language and make believe play but relatively little time showing them how they can use drawings to represent their world. When adults draw with children and point out resemblances between drawings and objects, preschoolers pictures become more comprehensible and detailed. A major milestone occurs when children learn to use lines to represent the boundaries of objects. This enables three and four year olds to draw their first picture. Fine motor and cognitive limitations lead the preschooler to reduce the image to its simplest form that still looks human. The third and final stage is the More Realistic Drawings; five and six year olds create more complex drawings, containing more conventional human and animal figures, with the head and body differentiated. Older preschoolers drawings still contain perceptual distortions because they have only just begun to represent depth. Realism in drawings appears gradually, as perception, language, memory, and fine motor capacities improve.